Historique
Article de Périodique
What is a public health approach to substance use? A qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis (2023)
Auteur(s) :
J. F. CREPAULT ;
C. RUSSELL ;
T. M. WATSON ;
C. STRIKE ;
S. BONATO ;
J. REHM
Article en page(s) :
art. 103958
Sous-type de document :
Revue de la littérature / Literature review
Domaine :
Alcool / Alcohol ; Drogues illicites / Illicit drugs ; Tabac / Tobacco / e-cigarette
Langue(s) :
Anglais
Discipline :
SAN (Santé publique / Public health)
Thésaurus mots-clés
SANTE PUBLIQUE
;
POLITIQUE
;
ALCOOL
;
TABAC
;
PRODUIT ILLICITE
;
EVOLUTION
;
DEFINITION
;
CONCEPT
Résumé :
Background: Psychoactive substance use and the regulations that govern it both have the potential to lead to harm. A 'public health approach' (PHA) is frequently invoked as a means of addressing these harms, but the term is used in inconsistent and contradictory ways. This study systematically reviewed the English-language academic literature to understand how a public health approach to substance use is defined and described.
Methods: This review employed thematic synthesis, a methodology designed to rigorously synthesize qualitative evidence. Eligible articles were published in peer-reviewed journals, in the English language, with full text available, and focused primarily on substance use. There were no limits on year of publication. Original research, opinion/commentary, and reviews were included. The searches were conducted in October 2021 in CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PAIS Index, PsycINFO, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science.
Results: 272 articles from 25 countries, published between 1950 and 2021, were synthesized. Definitions of a PHA have changed over time and differ by substance. The most commonly cited characteristics of a PHA were: for alcohol, regulation, e.g. of price and availability (54% of articles); for cannabis: regulation (68%); for illicit drugs: that a PHA is distinct from a criminal justice approach (63%); for opioids: substance use disorder treatment (55%); and for tobacco: regulation (62%).
Conclusion: There is no consensus on the definition of a public health approach to substance use, but there is substantial agreement when it comes to PHAs to specific substances. There are also similarities in how they are described for legal substances versus illicit ones. This review found areas of disagreement regarding the extent to which PHAs should focus on individual-level factors. Policymakers, academics, and others developing or implementing PHAs to substance use should be explicit about their aims and objectives – as well as the premises and assumptions underlying them.
Highlights:
The concept of a 'public health approach' to substance use is not new, but it appears to be gaining currency.
This study systematically reviews the English-language academic literature to understand what is meant and understood when the term 'public health approach' is used in the context of substance use.
The most commonly cited characteristics of a public health approach were regulation, treatment, education, prevention, and contrast with a criminal justice approach. However, there was shifting support for these positions over time and across substances.
Methods: This review employed thematic synthesis, a methodology designed to rigorously synthesize qualitative evidence. Eligible articles were published in peer-reviewed journals, in the English language, with full text available, and focused primarily on substance use. There were no limits on year of publication. Original research, opinion/commentary, and reviews were included. The searches were conducted in October 2021 in CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PAIS Index, PsycINFO, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science.
Results: 272 articles from 25 countries, published between 1950 and 2021, were synthesized. Definitions of a PHA have changed over time and differ by substance. The most commonly cited characteristics of a PHA were: for alcohol, regulation, e.g. of price and availability (54% of articles); for cannabis: regulation (68%); for illicit drugs: that a PHA is distinct from a criminal justice approach (63%); for opioids: substance use disorder treatment (55%); and for tobacco: regulation (62%).
Conclusion: There is no consensus on the definition of a public health approach to substance use, but there is substantial agreement when it comes to PHAs to specific substances. There are also similarities in how they are described for legal substances versus illicit ones. This review found areas of disagreement regarding the extent to which PHAs should focus on individual-level factors. Policymakers, academics, and others developing or implementing PHAs to substance use should be explicit about their aims and objectives – as well as the premises and assumptions underlying them.
Highlights:
The concept of a 'public health approach' to substance use is not new, but it appears to be gaining currency.
This study systematically reviews the English-language academic literature to understand what is meant and understood when the term 'public health approach' is used in the context of substance use.
The most commonly cited characteristics of a public health approach were regulation, treatment, education, prevention, and contrast with a criminal justice approach. However, there was shifting support for these positions over time and across substances.
Affiliation :
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada