Titre : | Psychotropic substance-seeking: evolutionary pathology or adaptation? |
Titre traduit : | (Le besoin de consommer des substances psychotropes correspond t-il à une évolution pathologique ou à une adaptation ?) |
Auteurs : | R. J. SULLIVAN ; E. H. HAGEN |
Type de document : | Périodique |
Année de publication : | 2002 |
Format : | 389-400 / fig. ; tabl. |
Note générale : |
Addiction, 2002, 97, (4), 389-400 |
Langues: | Anglais |
Discipline : | SHS (Sciences humaines et sociales / Humanities and social sciences) |
Mots-clés : |
Thésaurus mots-clés CONSOMMATION ; ALCALOIDES HALLUCINOGENES ; PLANTES ; ANTHROPOLOGIE ; NEUROBIOLOGIE ; EVOLUTION ; ADAPTATION ; SYSTEME NERVEUX CENTRAL |
Résumé : |
FRANÇAIS : L'explication conventionnelle de la consommation de drogues chez l'homme se fonde sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle le système nerveux central humain est fondamentalement vulnérable aux drogues. L'objectif de cette revue de la littérature est d'argumenter une hypothèse contraire qui établit un lien entre l'évolution de l'homme et la consommation depuis des millions d'années de plantes psychotropes et de comprendre pourquoi l'homme a toujours recherché l'effet des substances psychotropes partout dans le monde. Les auteurs apportent des preuves historiques et archéologiques pour soutenir cette hypothèse et décrire les bénéfices, liés à l'adaptation, que l'homme, en tant que mammifère, a pu trouver dans la consommation de plantes psychotropes. La conclusion de l'étude reste prudente, en notant que si la recherche de substances psychotropes était adaptative au temps de nos ancêtres hominidés, rien n'affirme que cela soit vrai dans l'environnement contemporain. ENGLISH : According to a conventional evolutionary perspective, the human propensity for substance use is the product of a 'mismatch' between emotional mechanisms that evolved in a past without pure drugs or direct routes of drug administration, and the occurrence of these phenomena in the contemporary environment. The primary purpose of this review is to assert that, contrary to the conventional view, humans have shared a co-evolutionary relationship with psychotropic plant substances that is millions of years old. We argue that this "deep time" relationship is self-evident both in the extant chemical-ecological adaptations that have evolved in mammals to metabolize psychotropic plant substances and in the structure of plant defensive chemicals that have evolved to mimic the structure, and interfere with the function, of mammalian neurotransmitters. Given this evidence, we question how emotional mechanisms easily triggered by plant toxins can have evolved. Our argument is also supported with archeological and historical evidence of substance use in antiquity suggesting that, for people in the past, psychotropic plant substances were as much a mundane everyday item as they are for many people today. Our second, and more speculative objective is to suggest provisional hypotheses of human substance-using phenomena that can incorporate the evolutionary implications of a deep time relationship between psychotropic substances and people. We discuss hypotheses of selective benefits of substance use, including the idea that neurotransmitter-analog plant chemicals were exploited as substitutes for costly, nutritionally constrained endogenous neurotransmitters. However, even if substance seeking was adaptive in the environment of our hominid ancestors, it may not still be so in the contemporary environment. Thus, the implications of our argument are not that the mismatch concept does not apply to human substance-using phenomena, but that it must be reconsidered and extended to incorporate the implications of a substance-rich, rather than substance-free, evolutionary past. (Editor' s abstract) |
Note de contenu : | fig. ; tabl. |
Domaine : | Drogues illicites / Illicit drugs |
Refs biblio. : | 99 |
Affiliation : |
Dep. Anthropology, Univ. Auckland, PO Box 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Nouvelle Zélande. New Zealand. |
Numéro Toxibase : | 206249 |
Centre Emetteur : | 02 Coordonnateur |
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