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Article : Périodique
FRANÇAIS : L'addition de produits de coupage (adultérants et diluants) à la cocaïne n'est pas un phénomène nouveau. Jusqu'à présent, on imaginait que le bénéfice principal pour les narcotrafiquants était de diminuer la pureté et donc la quantit[...]Article : Périodique
R. SOLIMINI ; M. C. ROTOLO ; M. PELLEGRINI ; A. MINUTILLO ; R. PACIFICI ; F. P. BUSARDO ; S. ZAAMI |BACKGROUND: Powdery drugs such as cocaine and heroin are frequently adulterated or diluted predominantly to obtain more doses and to increase the drug dealer's profits, but also to enhance, to modify or to oppose drug effects. The aim of this re[...]Article : Périodique
A. LEMAIGNEN ; T. GOULENOK ; S. KALAMARIDES ; A. PLAT ; G. PFAU ; B. FANTIN |FRANÇAIS : Introduction : Le lévamisole est une substance adultérante, produit utilisé pour « couper » la cocaïne notamment, de plus en plus répandu en France comme aux États-Unis. Antihelminthique vétérinaire aux propriétés immunomodulatrice, [...]Article : Périodique
Since 2005 cocaine use has significantly increased in Western Europe, especially in recreational settings and among young people (aged 15-34). With an average yearly prevalence of 1.3%, it is now the second most-used illicit drug after cannabis.[...]Article : Périodique
S. B. KARCH ; F. MARI ; V. BARTOLINI ; E. BERTOL |Levamisole is found in more than 80% of illicit cocaine seized within United States borders. Percentages are somewhat lower in Europe. In 2009, controlled in vivo studies demonstrated that horses metabolize levamisole to aminorex. Earlier this y[...]Article : Périodique
O. KUDLACEK ; T. HOFMAIER ; A. LUF ; F. P. MAYER ; T. STOCKNER ; C. NAGY ; M. HOLY ; M. FREISSMUTH ; R. SCHMID ; H. H. SITTE |Cocaine is a naturally occurring and illicitly used psychostimulant drug. Cocaine acts at monoaminergic neurotransmitter transporters to block uptake of the monoamines, dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. The resulting increase of monoamines[...]Rapport
In the context of an ongoing expansion of the global cocaine market, this report summarizes the current state of knowledge on what the cocaine consumer products are and how they are produced and consumed in different world regions. The report is[...]Rapport
Le lévamisole, fréquemment utilisé pour couper la cocaïne, est-il dangereux pour le cerveau ? Le trafic de drogue est-il en train de se déplacer progressivement vers le darknet ? Où peut-on se renseigner sur les risques et les dangers de la cons[...]Article : Périodique
Clinical observations indicate that dexamisole and levamisole, the isomers of tetramisole, cause mood elevation. Their effects on smooth muscle cells and adrenergic nerves were investigated in strips of dogs' saphenous veins. Dexamisole (2.5 X 1[...]Rapport
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission of American States (CICAD-OAS), Inter-American Observatory on Drugs, OID | Washington, DC : OAS (Organization of American States) | 2019This document is a systematic review which describes the principal adulterants found in the drugs of highest prevalence and greatest toxicological impact, as well as their neurobiological and toxic effects, and the physical and psychic harm they[...]Périodique
SPECTOR S. ; MUNJAL I. ; D. E. SCHMIDT | 1998ENGLISH : This report present evidence that the immunostimulant drug levamisole, (-)-(S)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b] thiazole monohydrochloride, produced a significant elevation of endogeneous morphine and codeine levels in brain[...]Article : Périodique
Illicit drug use can result in a wide range of medical complications. As the availability, synthesis, and popularity of illicit drugs evolve over time, new syndromes associated with their use may mimic infections. Some of these symptoms are anti[...]Article : Périodique
C. EIDEN ; C. DIOT ; O. MATHIEU ; M. MALLARET ; H. PEYRIÈRE |Background: A wide variety of somatic complications is reported or expected among cocaine users because of the adulterant levamisole. Most of the reports come from North America. Methods: To update the data on levamisole-adulterated cocaine in[...]Article : Périodique
FRANÇAIS : Le lévamisole est un médicament vétérinaire employé comme vermifuge pour le bétail. Depuis 2003, il a été retrouvé progressivement comme contaminant de la cocaïne. L'usage du lévamisole peut entraîner de nombreux effets indésirables,[...]Article : Périodique
Levamisole is a pharmaceutical with anthelminthic and immunomodulatory properties that was previously used in both animals and humans to treat inflammatory conditions and cancer. Levamisole has been identified as a cocaine adulterant in the Unit[...]Article : Périodique
S. MARTELLO ; M. PIERI ; C. IALONGO ; S. PIGNALOSA ; G. NOCE ; F. VERNICH ; C. RUSSO ; F. MINEO ; S. BERNARDINI ; L. T. MARSELLA |Cocaine use is increasing around the world and its purity is frequently altered through dilution, substitution, contamination, and adulteration. Sugars, talc, starch, and carbonates represent the principal diluents of cocaine, while phenacetin, [...]Article : Périodique
I. DE LA HERA ; V. SANZ ; D. CULLEN ; R. CHICO ; G. PETITI ; M. VILLAR ; M. BURGUES ; J. SANZ ; M. CASTELLANOS ; O. ZARCO ; P. L. ORTIZ ; J. L. RODRIGUEZ-PERALTO ; F. VANACLOCHA |BACKGROUND/AIMS: Levamisole is an anthelminthic drug with immunomodulatory properties that has been found to be an adulterant of cocaine in the last 2 years. It was present at least in 70% of tainted cocaine in the U.S.A. in 2009. METHODS: We [...]Article : Périodique
J. A. BUCHANAN ; K. J. HEARD ; C. BURBACH ; M. L. WILSON ; R. DART |The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of levamisole in urine toxicology screens positive for cocaine in a 500-bed public safety-net hospital with 160 000 unique patient users in 2010. [Extract of the document]Article : Périodique
S. PICHINI ; F. P. BUSARDO ; A. GREGORI ; P. BERRETTA ; S. GENTILI ; R. PACIFICI |The data collected in this study describe an initial attempt to systematically introduce the qualitative and quantitative analysis of adulterants present in seized street drugs in Italy with the aim of improving surveillance and data sharing and[...]