Medical cannabis: Regulatory review in United States, European Union and United Kingdom (2025)

Cannabis contains compounds like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, which are commonly used for epilepsy, anxiety and chronic pain. Medical marijuana involves the utilization of cannabis for therapeutic objectives, such as the management of various ailments. Given the vast array of potential pharmacological and medicinal applications of cannabis and its by-products, there has been a surge of interest in developing cannabis-related products. Because it presents a potential health hazard and is still under clinical investigation, a set of guidelines is needed for its safe use. Based on market research, medicinal cannabis development is currently established worldwide, including in the United States (US), the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK). The European Medicines Agency (EMA) aims to establish guidelines after accounting for the regulations of EU member states. There are notable differences in the regulations for Cannabis in US, EU regions and UK. Each member state in the EU has its own distinct set of regulations. The UK has implemented a clear legal framework through the Misuse of Drugs (Amendments) (Cannabis and License Fees) Regulations 2018, permitting the controlled use of cannabis for medical purposes. This study summarizes the recently established regulations in each region, allowing for a clearer comprehension of the divergent regulatory practices. The study also evaluates the present laws governing the utilization of cannabis cultivation and medicines in the EU, with particular emphasis on the differences in legislation between the US, EU and UK regarding medicinal products containing cannabinoids, which may result in varying degrees of access to these products, addressing toxicologists and doctors. This comprehensive review may assist policymakers in harmonizing cannabis regulations globally. [Author's abstract]