Historique
Rapport
Opium consumption
Auteur(s) :
IARC / CIRC (International Agency for Research on Cancer / Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer)
Année
2021
Page(s) :
263 p.
Sous-type de document :
Revue de la littérature / Literature review
Langue(s) :
Anglais
Éditeur(s) :
Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) / Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC)
Collection :
IARC Monographs, Vol. 126
ISBN :
978-92-832-0193-9
Domaine :
Drogues illicites / Illicit drugs
Discipline :
PAT (Pathologie organique / Organic pathology)
Thésaurus mots-clés
OPIUM
;
CANCER
;
FACTEUR DE RISQUE
;
EVALUATION
;
MECANISME D'ACTION
;
MODELE ANIMAL
;
PRODUCTION
;
PREVALENCE
Thésaurus géographique
INTERNATIONAL
Résumé :
This volume of the IARC Monographs provides an evaluation of the carcinogenicity of opium consumption.
Opium is a highly addictive narcotic drug that has been used for centuries for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes. It has analgesic, hypnotic, antitussive, gastrointestinal, and cognitive effects.
Produced from the juice (latex) of the unripe seedpod of the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum), opium has a complex chemical composition consisting of at least 25 alkaloids (e.g. morphine, codeine, thebaine) and other substances. There are several forms of opium (raw or crude opium, dross, refined opium, or opium sap), all of which can be smoked or ingested. Opium derivatives such as morphine, codeine, and heroin were not considered in the present monograph.
Although opium production and distribution are controlled internationally, opium is produced illicitly in some 50 countries worldwide, with more than 80% coming from Afghanistan. The world’s largest per capita consumers of raw or minimally processed opium are the Islamic Republic of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In 2018, there were an estimated 5 million users of illicit opium worldwide.
After reviewing epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic data to assess the carcinogenic hazard to humans of opium consumption, the IARC Monographs Working Group concluded that opium consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).
Opium is a highly addictive narcotic drug that has been used for centuries for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes. It has analgesic, hypnotic, antitussive, gastrointestinal, and cognitive effects.
Produced from the juice (latex) of the unripe seedpod of the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum), opium has a complex chemical composition consisting of at least 25 alkaloids (e.g. morphine, codeine, thebaine) and other substances. There are several forms of opium (raw or crude opium, dross, refined opium, or opium sap), all of which can be smoked or ingested. Opium derivatives such as morphine, codeine, and heroin were not considered in the present monograph.
Although opium production and distribution are controlled internationally, opium is produced illicitly in some 50 countries worldwide, with more than 80% coming from Afghanistan. The world’s largest per capita consumers of raw or minimally processed opium are the Islamic Republic of Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In 2018, there were an estimated 5 million users of illicit opium worldwide.
After reviewing epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic data to assess the carcinogenic hazard to humans of opium consumption, the IARC Monographs Working Group concluded that opium consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).
Autre(s) lien(s) :
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