Use of spectroscopic methods and their clinical applications in drug abuse: A review (2023)

Assurance of substance abuse in plasma and different parts of the body is vital in clinical and legal toxicology. Detection techniques are evaluated for their appropriateness in scientific and clinical sciences, where extraordinary prerequisites must be met. Recognition and affirmation are for the most part done by gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS), Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), Magnetic resonance imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Infrared Spectroscopy, and UV Spectroscopy. Progressed spectroscopic techniques provided helpful quantitative or qualitative data about the natural chemistry and science of exploited substances. These spectroscopic techniques are assumed as quick, precise, and some of them are non-damaging investigation apparatus that may be assumed as a substitution for previously used compound investigation. Spectroscopy with its advances in technology is centralized to novel applications in the detection of abused drug substances and clinical toxicology. These techniques have attracted growing interest as forensic tools for the early detection and monitoring of exploited drugs. This review describes the principle, role, and clinical application of various spectroscopic techniques which are utilized for the identification of drug abuse like morphine, cocaine, codeine, alcohol, amphetamines, and their metabolites in whole blood, plasma, hair, and nails.