Gabapentin to treat acute alcohol withdrawal in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022)

Background: Gabapentin is an antiepileptic medication with evidence of benefit in alcohol use disorder patients. The mechanism of action of gabapentin may also benefit patients suffering from acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS).
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to examine if gabapentin can effectively replace/reduce the use of benzodiazepines for the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal symptoms in hospitalized patients. Time to alcohol withdrawal symptom resolution, amount of benzodiazepines administered, rate of resolution of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, serious withdrawal-related complications, and hospital length of stay (LOS) were examined.
Results: Eight retrospective studies (n = 2030) were included in this meta-analysis. There were no studies that examined study outcomes for patients who received only gabapentin and no benzodiazepines; in all studies, gabapentin-treated patients may have received benzodiazepines prior to gabapentin. There were no significant differences between gabapentin-treated and benzodiazepine-treated groups in time to symptom resolution, amount benzodiazepines administered, withdrawal-related complications, or LOS. There was a significant difference in the rate of symptom resolution favoring gabapentin-treated patients (p = 0.05); however, this analysis included only one study. Subgroup analyses of severe AWS patients revealed a significant decrease in LOS (p = 0.04) and a decrease in amount of benzodiazepines administered (p = 0.02) in gabapentin-treated patients, but these analyses included only one study. Subgroup analysis of patients receiving only gabapentin without benzodiazepines found a significantly decreased LOS in the gabapentin group compared to the benzodiazepine group (p < 0.001), but this analysis included only two studies.
Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to support the widespread use of gabapentin to treat inpatients suffering AWS. All studies included in this meta-analysis are retrospective with high risk of confounding. Well-designed, randomized, controlled studies of gabapentin to treat patients with AWS are required.