Historique
Article de Périodique
Desomorphine (Krokodil): An overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology and analysis (2017)
Auteur(s) :
ANGULO FLOREZ, D. H. ;
DOS SANTOS MOREIRA, A. M. ;
DA SILVA, P. R. ;
BRANDAO, R. ;
CORDEIRO BORGES, M. M. ;
MALAGUENO DE SANTANA, F. J. ;
BASTOS BORGES, K.
Année
2017
Page(s) :
59-68
Sous-type de document :
Revue de la littérature / Literature review
Langue(s) :
Anglais
Domaine :
Drogues illicites / Illicit drugs
Discipline :
PRO (Produits, mode d'action, méthode de dépistage / Substances, action mode, screening methods)
Thésaurus mots-clés
TOXICOLOGIE
;
DESOMORPHINE
;
DROGUES DE SYNTHESE
;
PHARMACOLOGIE
;
ANALYSE CHIMIQUE
;
METABOLISME
;
MECANISME D'ACTION
Résumé :
Background: "Krokodil" or "Crocodile" is an illegal homemade desomorphine drug obtained from chemical reactions of commercial codeine drugs with several other powerful and highly toxic chemical agents increasing its addiction and hallucinogenic effects when compared with other morphine analogues.
Methods: This paper summarizes a complete review about an old drug called desomorphine (Krokodil), presenting its chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology and analysis.
Results: It is of particular interest and concern because this cheaper injectable semisynthetic opioid drug has been largely used in recent years for recreational purposes in several Eastern European as well as North and South American countries, despite known damage to health that continuous use might induce. These injuries are much stronger and more aggressive than morphine's, infecting and rotting skin and soft tissue to the bone of addicts at the point of injection in less than three years, which, in most cases, evolves to death. On this basis, it is imperative that literature reviews focus on the chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and analysis of dangerous Krokodil to find strategies for rapid and effective determination to mitigate its adverse effects on addicts and prevent consumption.
Conclusions: It is crucial to know the symptoms and consequences of the use of Krokodil, as well as for identification and quantification of desomorphine, contaminants and metabolites, which can help the forensic work of diagnosis and propose actions to control and eradicate this great danger to public health around the world.
Highlights:
A review about all key points about desomorphine was proposed.
Frequently new cases of "Krokodil" abuse around the world has been detected.
Analytical approaches for desomorphine determination were reviewed.
New analytical methods for desomorphine, contaminants and metabolites are required.
Methods: This paper summarizes a complete review about an old drug called desomorphine (Krokodil), presenting its chemistry, pharmacology, metabolism, toxicology and analysis.
Results: It is of particular interest and concern because this cheaper injectable semisynthetic opioid drug has been largely used in recent years for recreational purposes in several Eastern European as well as North and South American countries, despite known damage to health that continuous use might induce. These injuries are much stronger and more aggressive than morphine's, infecting and rotting skin and soft tissue to the bone of addicts at the point of injection in less than three years, which, in most cases, evolves to death. On this basis, it is imperative that literature reviews focus on the chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and analysis of dangerous Krokodil to find strategies for rapid and effective determination to mitigate its adverse effects on addicts and prevent consumption.
Conclusions: It is crucial to know the symptoms and consequences of the use of Krokodil, as well as for identification and quantification of desomorphine, contaminants and metabolites, which can help the forensic work of diagnosis and propose actions to control and eradicate this great danger to public health around the world.
Highlights:
A review about all key points about desomorphine was proposed.
Frequently new cases of "Krokodil" abuse around the world has been detected.
Analytical approaches for desomorphine determination were reviewed.
New analytical methods for desomorphine, contaminants and metabolites are required.
Affiliation :
Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei, Sao Joao del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil