Historique
Article de Périodique
Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon - A complex problem to face (2015)
Auteur(s) :
ZAWILSKA, J. B. ;
ANDRZEJCZAK, D.
Année
2015
Page(s) :
1-17
Sous-type de document :
Revue de la littérature / Literature review
Langue(s) :
Anglais
Domaine :
Drogues illicites / Illicit drugs
Discipline :
PRO (Produits, mode d'action, méthode de dépistage / Substances, action mode, screening methods)
Thésaurus mots-clés
DROGUES DE SYNTHESE
;
PHENOMENE EMERGENT
;
EVOLUTION
;
CATHINONES
;
TOXICITE
;
CHIMIE
;
HALLUCINOGENES
;
OPIOIDES
;
SYMPTOME
;
CONTROLE DES STUPEFIANTS
Autres mots-clés
Note de contenu :
CONTENTS:
1. Introduction.
2. Synthetic cannabimimetics (SCs).
3. Synthetic cathinones.
4. Benzofuran analogues of amphetamines: 5-APB and 6-APB.
5. 4,4'-DMAR and MDMAR.
6. Hallucinogenic/psychedelic drugs:
6.1. NBOMes compounds - a second generation of 2C-phenethylamines;
6.2. Methoxetamine;
6.3. Diphenidine and 2-methoxydiphenidine.
7. Synthetic opioid-like drugs:
7.1. AH-7921;
7.2. MT-45.
8. Conclusion.
1. Introduction.
2. Synthetic cannabimimetics (SCs).
3. Synthetic cathinones.
4. Benzofuran analogues of amphetamines: 5-APB and 6-APB.
5. 4,4'-DMAR and MDMAR.
6. Hallucinogenic/psychedelic drugs:
6.1. NBOMes compounds - a second generation of 2C-phenethylamines;
6.2. Methoxetamine;
6.3. Diphenidine and 2-methoxydiphenidine.
7. Synthetic opioid-like drugs:
7.1. AH-7921;
7.2. MT-45.
8. Conclusion.
Résumé :
Background: The last decade has seen a rapid and continuous growth in the availability and use of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) across the world. Although various products are labeled with warnings "not for human consumption", they are intended to mimic psychoactive effects of illicit drugs of abuse. Once some compounds become regulated, new analogues appear in order to satisfy consumers' demands and at the same time to avoid criminalization. This review presents updated information on the second generation of NPS, introduced as replacements of the already banned substances from this class, focusing on their pharmacological properties and metabolism, routes of administration, and effects in humans.
Methods: Literature search, covering years 2013-2015, was performed using the following keywords alone or in combination: "novel psychoactive substances", "cathinones", "synthetic cannabinoids", "benzofurans", "phenethylamines", "2C-drugs", "NBOMe", "methoxetamine", "opioids", "toxicity", and "metabolism". Results More than 400 NPS have been reported in Europe, with 255 detected in 2012-2014. The most popular are synthetic cannabimimetics and psychostimulant cathinones; use of psychedelics and opioids is less common. Accumulating experimental and clinical data indicate that potential harms associated with the use of second generation NPS could be even more serious than those described for the already banned drugs.
Conclusions: NPS are constantly emerging on the illicit drug market and represent an important health problem. A significant amount of research is needed in order to fully quantify both the short and long term effects of the second generation NPS, and their interaction with other drugs of abuse.
Highlights:
In Europe 255 novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have been detected in 2012-2014.
Synthetic cannabimimetics and synthetic cathinones make up the largest NPS groups.
Confirmation of a particular NPS intake relies on the detection of its metabolites.
Second generation NPS could be more toxic than already banned drugs.
Methods: Literature search, covering years 2013-2015, was performed using the following keywords alone or in combination: "novel psychoactive substances", "cathinones", "synthetic cannabinoids", "benzofurans", "phenethylamines", "2C-drugs", "NBOMe", "methoxetamine", "opioids", "toxicity", and "metabolism". Results More than 400 NPS have been reported in Europe, with 255 detected in 2012-2014. The most popular are synthetic cannabimimetics and psychostimulant cathinones; use of psychedelics and opioids is less common. Accumulating experimental and clinical data indicate that potential harms associated with the use of second generation NPS could be even more serious than those described for the already banned drugs.
Conclusions: NPS are constantly emerging on the illicit drug market and represent an important health problem. A significant amount of research is needed in order to fully quantify both the short and long term effects of the second generation NPS, and their interaction with other drugs of abuse.
Highlights:
In Europe 255 novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have been detected in 2012-2014.
Synthetic cannabimimetics and synthetic cathinones make up the largest NPS groups.
Confirmation of a particular NPS intake relies on the detection of its metabolites.
Second generation NPS could be more toxic than already banned drugs.
Affiliation :
Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland