Historique
Article de Périodique
Presence of illicit drugs and metabolites in influents and effluents of 25 sewage water treatment plants and map of drug consumption in France (2013)
Auteur(s) :
NÉFAU, T. ;
KAROLAK, S. ;
CASTILLO, L. ;
BOIREAU, V. ;
LÉVI, Y.
Année
2013
Page(s) :
712-722
Langue(s) :
Anglais
Domaine :
Drogues illicites / Illicit drugs
Discipline :
PRO (Produits, mode d'action, méthode de dépistage / Substances, action mode, screening methods)
Thésaurus géographique
FRANCE
Thésaurus mots-clés
EAUX USEES
;
PRODUIT ILLICITE
;
ANALYSE CHIMIQUE
;
GEOGRAPHIE
;
METABOLITE
;
COCAINE
;
MDMA-ECSTASY
;
AMPHETAMINE
;
CANNABIS
;
METHADONE
;
CONSOMMATION
Résumé :
FRANÇAIS :
Afin de fournir une évaluation réelle de la consommation de drogues illégales en France, une vaste étude du CNRS a mesuré pour la première fois la concentration des métabolites de ces drogues dans les eaux des égouts. Cette étude démontre le niveau extrêmement élevé de la consommation de drogues en France, en particulier de la cocaïne et du cannabis, pour lequel la moyenne de consommation de nombreuses villes françaises est supérieure à celle d'Amsterdam. Des villes comme Lille, Montpellier et Avignon sont particulièrement touchées. Ces résultats démontrent indirectement comment la lutte contre les drogues illégales est en échec en France. [Docbuzz, 18/09/2013]
ENGLISH:
Consumption of illicit drugs is a new concern for water management that must be considered not only because of the social and public health aspects but also in an environmental context in relation with the contamination of surface waters. Indeed, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents contain drug residues that have not been eliminated since STP treatments are not completely efficient in their removal. We developed and validated an HPLC–MS/MS analytical method to assess the concentrations of 17 illicit drugs and metabolites in raw urban wastewaters: cocaine and its metabolites, amphetamine and amphetamine-likes (methamphetamine, MDMA, MDEA, MDA), opiates and opiate substitutes (methadone and buprenorphine), and THC-COOH cannabis metabolite. This method has been applied to the analysis of influent and effluent samples from 25 STPs located in France all over the country. The results allowed evaluating the drug consumption in the areas connected to the STPs and the efficiency of the treatment technology implied. We selected STPs according to their volume capacity, their treatment technologies (biofilters, activated sludges, MBR) and their geographical location. In influents, the concentrations varied between 6 ng/L for EDDP (main metabolite of methadone) and 3050 ng/L for benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite). Consumption maps were drawn for cocaine, MDMA, opiates, cannabis and amphetamine-like compounds. Geographical significant differences were observed and highlighted the fact that drug consumption inside a country is not homogeneous. In parallel, comparisons between STP technology processes showed differences of efficiency. More, some compounds appear very resistant to STP processes leading to the contamination of receiving water.
Highlights:
- Complete study with weekday and weekend samplings in 25 STPs in France.
- Qualitative and quantitative differences in illicit drug consumption are observed.
- LLAS treatments seem more efficient than MLAS treatments and biofilters.
- Methadone and its metabolite EDDP appeared difficult to remove whatever the treatment.
Afin de fournir une évaluation réelle de la consommation de drogues illégales en France, une vaste étude du CNRS a mesuré pour la première fois la concentration des métabolites de ces drogues dans les eaux des égouts. Cette étude démontre le niveau extrêmement élevé de la consommation de drogues en France, en particulier de la cocaïne et du cannabis, pour lequel la moyenne de consommation de nombreuses villes françaises est supérieure à celle d'Amsterdam. Des villes comme Lille, Montpellier et Avignon sont particulièrement touchées. Ces résultats démontrent indirectement comment la lutte contre les drogues illégales est en échec en France. [Docbuzz, 18/09/2013]
ENGLISH:
Consumption of illicit drugs is a new concern for water management that must be considered not only because of the social and public health aspects but also in an environmental context in relation with the contamination of surface waters. Indeed, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents contain drug residues that have not been eliminated since STP treatments are not completely efficient in their removal. We developed and validated an HPLC–MS/MS analytical method to assess the concentrations of 17 illicit drugs and metabolites in raw urban wastewaters: cocaine and its metabolites, amphetamine and amphetamine-likes (methamphetamine, MDMA, MDEA, MDA), opiates and opiate substitutes (methadone and buprenorphine), and THC-COOH cannabis metabolite. This method has been applied to the analysis of influent and effluent samples from 25 STPs located in France all over the country. The results allowed evaluating the drug consumption in the areas connected to the STPs and the efficiency of the treatment technology implied. We selected STPs according to their volume capacity, their treatment technologies (biofilters, activated sludges, MBR) and their geographical location. In influents, the concentrations varied between 6 ng/L for EDDP (main metabolite of methadone) and 3050 ng/L for benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite). Consumption maps were drawn for cocaine, MDMA, opiates, cannabis and amphetamine-like compounds. Geographical significant differences were observed and highlighted the fact that drug consumption inside a country is not homogeneous. In parallel, comparisons between STP technology processes showed differences of efficiency. More, some compounds appear very resistant to STP processes leading to the contamination of receiving water.
Highlights:
- Complete study with weekday and weekend samplings in 25 STPs in France.
- Qualitative and quantitative differences in illicit drug consumption are observed.
- LLAS treatments seem more efficient than MLAS treatments and biofilters.
- Methadone and its metabolite EDDP appeared difficult to remove whatever the treatment.
Affiliation :
Univ. Paris Sud/UMR CNRS 8079, Public Health & Environment Group, France