Historique
Article de Périodique
Drug testing in the workplace (2012)
Auteur(s) :
PHAN, H. M. ;
YOSHIZUKA, K. ;
MURRY, D. J. ;
PERRY, P. J.
Année
2012
Page(s) :
649-656
Sous-type de document :
Revue de la littérature / Literature review
Langue(s) :
Anglais
Refs biblio. :
24
Domaine :
Drogues illicites / Illicit drugs
Discipline :
PRO (Produits, mode d'action, méthode de dépistage / Substances, action mode, screening methods)
Thésaurus mots-clés
MILIEU PROFESSIONNEL
;
DEPISTAGE
;
PRODUIT ILLICITE
;
URINE
;
TEST
;
VALIDITE
;
ANALYSE CHIMIQUE
;
ADULTERANT
;
RECOMMANDATION
Thésaurus géographique
ETATS-UNIS
Note de contenu :
OUTLINE:
Legal issues
Specimen validity testing
Screening and confirmatory urine drug tests
Immunoassay screening tests
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Confirmatory test
Accuracy of the test results
Court case scenarios
Conclusion
Legal issues
Specimen validity testing
Screening and confirmatory urine drug tests
Immunoassay screening tests
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Confirmatory test
Accuracy of the test results
Court case scenarios
Conclusion
Résumé :
Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act in April 1988, which resulted in the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs. The intent was to establish a substance-free work environment for all federal workers by requiring that all federal employees pass a urine drug test before employment. These guidelines specifically, and exclusively, focus on testing urine specimens for metabolites of marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine, opiates (focusing on heroin metabolites), and amphetamines (including Ecstasy). Since then, there have been many scientific, technical, and legal challenges to the validity of urine drug testing. In response, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, a division operating under the executive branch of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, put forth, through many revisions, strict procedural guidelines and specimen validity-testing criteria to manage suspicious or adulterated samples during and after urine collection. This review focuses on the legal ramifications, the procedural process, and the sensitivity and specificity of the two urine drug tests used for workplace drug testing: immunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, we dissect the problematic issue of cross-sensitivity between illicit and prescription drugs, and how this affects the validity of future urine drug testing.
Affiliation :
College of Pharmacy, Touro University-California, Vallejo, CA, USA